Is 'azacytidine' sold as medicine for cancer treatment?… by Mehmet
To cure my friend's father's lycemia a doctor recommended azacytidine which is not found in Turkey. Trying to find out if we can buy it from somewhere. Woud be very greatful if someone helps.
Best Answer:
In the US it is marketed as Vidaza. We use it to treat myelodysplastic syndrome.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Azacytidine
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What is the maximum power a solar cell can provide?… by kevinthene
Assuming light of arbitrary intensity is available, what is the limitation of the maximum power a solar cell can provide for a given surface area? What causes this limitation?
Assuming light of arbitrary intensity is available, what is the limitation of the maximum power a solar cell can provide for a given surface area? What causes this limitation? I'm not talking about the 1000 W/m^2 standard solar heat flux. I've seen fresnel lenses intensify this to nearly a point, putting a large area of solar energy into a small cell at a heat flux of hundreds of suns. What are the limits of doing this? Heat is one obvious problem, but are there others?
This has nothing to do with efficiency. Assume an arbitrary (or infinite) number of photons are cheaply available.
Best Answer:
What does caffeine do to keep you awake?… by Li
I know it accelerates your heart, but does it do anything else?
Best Answer:
Caffeine works by changing the chemistry of the brain. It blocks the action of a natural brain chemical that is associated with sleep. Here is how it works.
If you read the HSW article How Sleep Works, you learned that the chemical adenosine binds to adenosine receptors in the brain. The binding of adenosine causes drowsiness by slowing down nerve cell activity. In the brain, adenosine binding also causes blood vessels to dilate (presumably to let more oxygen in during sleep).
Adenosine is produced by your daily activity. For example, the article How Exercise Works discusses how muscles produce adenosine as one of the byproducts of exercise.
To a nerve cell, caffeine looks like adenosine. Caffeine, therefore, binds to the adenosine receptors. However, it doesn't slow down the cell's activity as adenosine would. The cells cannot sense adenosine anymore because caffeine is taking up all the receptors adenosine binds to. So instead of slowing down because of the adenosine level, the cells speed up. You can see that caffeine also causes the brain's blood vessels to constrict, because it blocks adenosine's ability to open them up. This effect is why some headache medicines, like Anacin, contain caffeine - if you have a vascular headache, the caffeine will close down the blood vessels and relieve it.
With caffeine blocking the adenosine, you have increased neuron firing in the brain. The pituitary gland sees all of the activity and thinks some sort of emergency must be occurring, so it releases hormones that tell the adrenal glands to produce adrenaline (epinephrine). Adrenaline is, of course, the “fight or flight” hormone and it has a number of effects on your body:
Your pupils dilate
Your breathing tubes open up (this is why people suffering from severe asthma attacks are sometimes injected with epinephrine)
Your heart beats faster
Blood vessels on the surface constrict to slow blood flow from cuts and also to increase blood flow to muscles; blood pressure rises
Blood flow to the stomach slows
The liver releases sugar into the bloodstream for extra energy
Muscles tighten up ready for action
This explains why, after consuming a big cup of coffee, your hands get cold, your muscles tense up, you feel excited and you can feel your heart beat increasing.
Caffeine also increases dopamine levels in the same way that amphetamines do (heroine and cocaine also manipulate dopamine levels by slowing down the rate of dopamine re-uptake). Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that, in certain parts of the brain, activates “reward pathways” (i.e. the pleasure center). Obviously caffeine's effect is much lower than heroin's, but it is the same mechanism. It is suspected that the dopamine connection contributes to caffeine addiction.
So you can see why your body might like caffeine in the short term, especially if you are low on sleep and need to remain active:
Caffeine blocks adenosine reception so you feel alert.
It injects adrenaline into the system to give you a boost.
And it manipulates dopamine production to make you feel good.
The problem with caffeine is the longer-term effects, which tend to spiral. For example, once the adrenaline wears off, you face fatigue and depression. So what are you going to do? You take more caffeine to get the adrenaline going again. As you might imagine, having your body in a state of emergency all day long isn't very healthy, and it also makes you jumpy and irritable.
The most important long-term problem is the effect that caffeine has on sleep. Adenosine reception is important to sleep, and especially to deep sleep. The half-life of caffeine in your body is about six hours. That means that if you consume a big cup of coffee with 200 mg of caffeine in it at 3 p.m., then by 9 p.m. about 100 mg of that caffeine is still in your system. You may be able to fall asleep, but your body probably will miss out on the benefits of deep sleep. That deficit adds up fast. The next day you feel worse, so you need caffeine as soon as you get out of bed. The cycle continues day after day.
This is why 90 percent of Americans consume caffeine every day. Once you get in the cycle, you have to keep taking the drug. Even worse, if you try to stop taking caffeine, you get very tired and depressed and you get a terrible, splitting headache as blood vessels in the brain dilate. These negative effects force you to run back to caffeine even if you want to stop.
It has been said that the reason so many sodas and colas contain added caffeine is to get you hooked. In the same way that addiction to nicotine makes cigarettes such a great consumer product for the companies that produce cigarettes, added caffeine in colas causes an addiction of sorts.
Here are some interesting links:
How Caffeine Works
How Sleep Works
How are coffee, tea and colas decaffeinated?
How Performance-Enhancing Drugs Work
Caffeine, Not Taste, Hooks Cola Drinkers
Adenosine and Sleep
Caffeine
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Explanations:
How Caffeine Works
How Sleep Works
How are coffee, tea and colas decaffeinated?
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