What are the similarities and the differences existing between a philosopher's…….?… by Abby B_As Fine As Could
What are the similarities and the differences existing between a philosopher's definition of “reality” and the contemporary definition of “virtual reality?” Be specific by referring to specific philosophers and virtual reality experts.
Best Answer:
…The question of perception;
Seeing That, Seeing As and Simple Seeing
Perception is the process by which we acquire information about the world around us using our five senses. Consider the nature of this information. Looking out of your window, you see that it is raining. Your perception represents the world as being like that. To perceive the world in this way, therefore, it is required that you possess concepts, that is, ways of representing and thinking about the world. In this case, you require the concept RAIN. Thus, seeing that your coffee cup is yellow and that the pencil is green involves the possession of the concepts COFFEE CUP, YELLOW, PENCIL and GREEN. Such perception is termed “perceiving that,” and is factive; that is, it is presupposed that you perceive the world correctly. To perceive that it is raining, it must be true that it is raining. You can also, though, perceive the world to be a certain way and yet be mistaken. This we can call, “perceiving as,” or in the usual case, “seeing as”. A stick partly submerged in water may not be bent but, nevertheless, you see it as bent. Your perception represents the stick as being a certain way, although it turns out that you are wrong. Much of your perception, then, is representational: you take the world to be a certain way, sometimes correctly, when you see that the world is thus and so, and sometimes incorrectly, when the world is not how you perceive it to be.
It also seems that there is a form of perception that does not require the possession of concepts (although this claim has been questioned). It is plausible to claim that cognitively unsophisticated creatures, those that are not seen as engaging in conceptually structured thought, can perceive the world, and that at times we can perceptually engage with the world in a non-conceptual way. You can tell that the wasp senses or perceives your presence because of its irascible behavior. When you are walking along the High Street daydreaming, you see bus stops, waste bins, and your fellow pedestrians. You must see them because you do not bump into them, but you do not see that the bus stop is blue or that a certain pedestrian is wearing Wrangler jeans. You can, of course, come to see the street in this way if you focus on the scene in front of you, but the claim here is that there is a coherent form of perception that does not involve such conceptual structuring. Let us call such baseline perceptual engagement with the world, “simple seeing”. This perception involves the acquisition of perceptual information about the world, information that enables us to visually discriminate objects and to successfully engage with them, but also information that does not amount to one having a conceptually structured representation of the world. (Dretske, 1969, refers to simple seeing as “non-epistemic” seeing, and refers to 'seeing that' as “epistemic” seeing).
You can, then, simply see the bus stop, or you can see that the bus stop is blue, or you can, mistakenly, see the bus stop as made of sapphire. These are all forms of perceptual experience, ways you have of causally engaging with the world using your sensory apparatus and ways that have a distinctive conscious or “phenomenological” dimension. Seeing in its various forms strikes your consciousness in a certain way, a way that you are now experiencing as you look at your computer screen. This article investigates the causal and epistemic roles of this perceptual experience.
A little more terminology: the term “sensation” can be used to refer to the conscious aspect of perception, but note that one can have such sensations even when one would not be said to be perceiving the world. When hallucinating, for example, one is having the sensations usually characteristic of perceptual experience, even though in such cases one's experience would not be described as perceptual.
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How does an action potential travel down a neuron?… by Diana
What is a resting state? What kinds of changes occur when the impulse begins? Please help me. It's really hard to understand…
Best Answer:
Resting state is when the neuron is not activated nor excited. Just think of it sitting there doing nothing. =p
All cells have a membrane potential, which is the voltage across it's membranes. This is due to the difference in concentrations of ions inside and outside of the cells. (The main ions are Na+ which is mostly outside of the cells and K+ which is mainly in the cells) During the resting state, most cells have a membrane potential of roughly -70mV. This means that the inside of the cell is about 70mV more negative than the outside of the cell. Remember though that although this resting potential is stable in most cells (means that it doesn't fluctuate or change until something triggers the cell out of its resting state) the ions are constantly moving across the cell membrane. Only the NET movement of the ions is zero.
Anyway, when the neuron is excited, Na+ channels are triggered to open. These are fast channels, which means that they open and close quickly. This allows Na+ to start to leak into the neuron. The Na+ leaking into the cell (called the Na+ influx) causes the membrane potential to increase (become less negative). When the membrane potential crosses a threshold value (usually about -65mV), suddenly a whole lot more of Na+ channels are opened. There is a sudden rush of Na+ into the cell causing a rapid spike in the membrane potential. This can go up to 20mV. This influx of Na+ is the start of the action potential/impulse.
When the voltage reaches the peak, Na+ channels are closed off due to the voltage. At the same time, these closed Na+ channels are inactivated temporarily and cannot be stimulated to open again. This is known as the absolute refractory period. The same voltage which inactivates the Na+ channels also triggers the opening of slow K+ channels. These channels allow K+ to leak out of the cell (efflux) but its gates open and close slower compared to the Na+ fast channels. Without Na+ influx, the K+ efflux causes the cell membrane potential to drop as there is a net loss of positive ions out of the cell. Since the K+ channels are “slow” they tend to close too late, causing what is known as “undershoot” or “hyperpolarization”. This means that the membrane potential is lower than the initial resting potential. This causes what is known as relative refractory period, which means that the neuron is harder to stimulate than normal. After a while the voltage sensitive K+ channels finally close and the neuron readjusts its membrane potential to rest at -70mV, ready for another stimulation.
Once the impulse starts, everything is easier to understand. Think of the neuron as a continuous wire. If the action potential starts at the beginning of the wire (let's say the leftmost part) then the part of the neuron/wire that is slightly to the right of the impulse is also affected by the change in membrane potential due to the Na+ influx. Once this new part's membrane potential crosses the threshold value another impulse is generated at this new point. Thus, impulse generation is repeated an infinite number of times along the neuron on the side that is just adjacent to the initial impulse. So, if you look at the whole neuron/wire you would see that the impulse will move/propagate away from the direction of the source of stimulation.
You might wonder how come the impulse doesn't backtrack towards the source of stimulation as well. This is due to the refractory period I mentioned. Once the part of the neuron is stimulated to produce an impulse, it goes into the refractory period and is unable to be stimulated to produce another impulse (absolute refractory period makes it totally impossible to stimulate, while it is possible but much harder to stimulate the neuron during the relative refractory period). However, on the other side of the impulse, the neuron is still in its resting state and is ready to be stimulated. Thus, the impulse only travels in one direction instead of both ways.
In certain neurons in the human body, they are covered in myelin sheaths. Basically just think of these neurons as a wire that has been rolled up in a carpet made of fat. These are called myelinated neurons. They are special since they contain nodes of Ranvier, which are places along the neurons where the myelin sheath is missing. These allow what is known as staltatory conduction, which increases the speed of impulse propagation many fold. Basically what happens is exactly the same as before (in the non-myelinated neurons) but instead of the adjacent area of the neuron being activated to produce impulses, far away areas of the neurons are being activated instead. This is due to the myelin acting as insulation that prevents the ions from flowing across the cell membrane. In a way, the impulse looks as if it “jumps” across the length of the neuron, thus allowing the impulse to propagate much faster and cover greater distances compared to the action potential of non-myelinated neurons.
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Question 4 people who have gone to a dermatologist to treat acne?… by I don't know what to tell
What did they prescribe you?
How long did it take 4 it to work?
Best Answer:
Solodyn 45mg tablets and Clindamycin.
Does wonders. The pills are time-released so even 6 months AFTER I finish taking all the pills, I am still acne free. Plus, it doesn't have any of the nasty side effects that Accutane has.
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How do you clean your Cartiliage piercing?… by equineriderfourli
So im gonna get some Dial Soap.
ANd i do sea salt soaks once a day but clean 2-3.
Im very confused how to do the sea salt, bc dipping the ear doesnt work very well, just tried.
Please help, best answer will get 10 points.
Best Answer:
I wouldn't suggest cleaning your piercing with Dial soap. Most soaps have fragrances and other additives that aren't good for open punctures - which is exactly what a piercing is (as gruesome as it sounds). If you go to your local pharmacy and look for the eyecare section, you'll see several different brands of contact cleaning liquid - all this is is lightly salted water; nothing else. Look for a brand of contact cleaning liquid for “Sensitive Eyes” and clean your piercings with that.
It sounds ridiculous, but all that's in contact cleanser is saline, which works wonders for healing piercings.
I have 25 successful piercings that have all been cleaned by contact-saline and are very healthy.
Things to avoid:
- Avoid neosporin, because it's a petroleum based antibacterial medication. Petroleum is thick and coats the piercing with itself, trapping any bacteria in the wound, leaving it prone to infection, especially since the neosporin won't be able to kill all of the bacteria.
- Bacitracin: Bacitracin is a cream, but it does basically the same thing that neosporin does - locks in bacteria that are already there.
To do salt soaks: Take a paper towel or a strip of gauze (I use gauze so I can re-dip it) and wet it in a cup of water (6-8ounces) with 1/4 teaspoon of seasalt, or if you don't have any seasalt left - you can use baby shanpoo! It cleanses the ear, cleaning out debris and other “bad things”, which leaving your ears soft, and not drying them out!
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Why do they treat some woman with breast cancer with a drug called herceptin?… by
How does this drug work?
And how come they treat other women that have the same cancer with a drug called Tamoxifin, and both drugs work?
Why can't they treat all patients with the same cancer with the same drug?
Best Answer:
There are various targets in the cancer cells that these innovative drugs attack in the effort to kill the cancer cells or stop the cancer cells from growing further and hence allowing the body natural mechanism to eliminate old cells(apoptosis).
One such target is called a Hormone Receptor in the breast cancer cells,To be exact its the Estrogen Receptor(ER). The natural role of this ER is for the Estrogen to fit into it nicely and stimulate(switch on) the breast cells to grow and function. In breast cancer cells, the normal Estrogen in the blood would be attached to the ER and stimulate the cancer cells to grow more and hence the enlargement and spread of cancer cells. Tamoxifen is a drug that fit into the ER but instead of switching it on like Estrogen, it switches off the ER, thereby reducing the cells ability to function and grow. As a result, the cells can be attacked the body defence which result in cell death and hence cancer control.
The other target of attack on the breast cancer cells is the Antibody Receptor(Antigen). The well known antigen in the breast cancer cell is known as cERB2 receptor. By certain chemical and biological processing called DNA Engineering, an antibody has been created to attack this antigen and switch off the function of the breast cancer cells. Herceptin is the propreitory name of this antibody.
Patients are not all the same. Some breast cancer patient has ER positive but cERB2 negative on their cells-this patient would be given Tamoxifen but not Herceptin.
A patient with cERB2 positive but ER negative would be given Herceptin but not Tamoxifen.
If both are positives, the patient will get both treatment of Tamoxifen and Herceptin.
If both are negatives, then the patient will get neither.
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Fluocytosine?… by
what is this drug do in our body? is this resistance to candida glabrata
Best Answer:
In Vitro Interaction of Flucytosine Combined with Fluconazole worked synergistically against Candida Glabrata
How It Works:
Flucytosine kills infectious microorganisms by preventing them from synthesizing genetic material (RNA and DNA), thereby preventing the cells from reproducing
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FLUCYTOSINE (Ancobon
What are some symptoms adderall helps alleviate?… by Phil
like what affects does it have on your mood, demeanor?
Best Answer:
Adderall, a
Does anyone know if gallbladder removal affects liver?… by angierenee4
I recently had my gallbladder removed. Two weeks ago i went to the doctor for chest pains. The chest xray came back normal but my cholesterol was high and liver enzymes were also high. I had more tests ran and should find out tomorrow. Does anyone know if gallbladder removal could be the cause of my problems?
Best Answer:
The level of cholesterol in your bloodstream really has nothing to do with your gallbladder. Cholesterol comes from two sources: the food we eat and the liver, which manufacturers new cholesterol. The liver also produces bile salts, which are important as part of the digestive process. Both cholesterol and bile salts are found in bile, a liquid that passes from the liver to the intestine through the bile ducts.
Between meals, bile is stored in the gallbladder, which is linked to the main bile duct by a small connection called the cystic duct. When we eat, hormones prompt the gallbladder to contract and deliver bile to the intestine.
Patients who have high cholesterol levels in their bile tend to form small crystals, which eventually develop into gallstones. Gallstones cause no symptoms in most people. However, in some people, they can lead to problems such as cholecystitis (in which the gallbladder becomes inflamed because the cystic duct is blocked) or cholangitis (in which the common bile duct becomes obstructed). The standard treatment for such problems is surgical removal of the gallbladder.
When the gallbladder is removed, the body loses its capacity to store bile between meals. So, both bile acids and cholesterol are released into the intestine continuously. Many patients develop Diarrhea after Gallbladder Surgery. Some researchers have speculated that the constant flow of bile into the intestine may be the culprit. However, since there is no change in the way the liver handles cholesterol after gallbladder removal, there should be no change in your blood cholesterol level either.
http://yourtotalhealth.ivillage.com/does-gallbladder-removal-affect-cholesterol.html
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Here's what has most likely contributed to your problems with high liver enzymes & cholesterol:
The most common cause off mild to moderate elevations of liver enzymes is fatty liver. Unless you drink alcohol often, you would be diagnosed with nonalcoholic fatty liver. Many researchers believe that metabolic syndrome
What is the difference between tranquilizers and muscle relaxers?… by foreverhappilysing
Thanks everyone for answering twice! I wish I would have asked 3 times then I could pick all of you for a best answer once! Sorry! Ill give it too the 2 longest answers! Thanks for you help!!
HAHA nvm that last comment! Im an idiot!
Best Answer:
Tranquilizer - A drug that tends to have a calming effect, and is unique in inducing drowsiness without impairing ready arousal and in restraining hyperactivity without inducing coma or arrest of respiratory muscles. This is like Xanax, Valium, Librium and Klonopin.
Also anti-psychotic tranquilizers like Mellaril are Haldol can be used as well.
Muscle relaxants are a drug that reduces muscle contracting by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses or by decreasing the excitability of the motor end plate. These drugs are Soma, Skelaxin, Baclofen are typical drugs used for this indication.
Hope this helps!
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What sort of side effects does Singulair have?… by Misery_?s_Compa
I've been on Singulair for about six months, and not long after that, I started to experience gastric problems. I never had these sort of problems before taking Singulair, and I was wondering if maybe that is the cause? What are the general side effects of Singulair?
Best Answer:
What are the possible side effects of montelukast?
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:
skin rash, bruising, severe tingling, numbness, pain, muscle weakness;
severe sinus pain, swelling, or irritation; or
worsening asthma symptoms.
Less serious side effects may include:
upset stomach, nausea, diarrhea;
mouth pain;
tired feeling;
dizziness, headache;
sore throat, cough, hoarseness; or
stuffy nose.
This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Tell your doctor about any unusual or bothersome side effect.
What other drugs will affect montelukast?
Before using montelukast, tell your doctor if you are using any of the following drugs:
phenobarbital (Luminal, Solfoton); or
rifampin (Rifadin, Rifater, Rifamate, Rimactane).
This list is not complete and there may be other drugs that can interact with montelukast. Tell your doctor about all the prescription and over-the-counter medications you use. This includes vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and drugs prescribed by other doctors. Do not start using a new medication without telling your doctor.
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